Telecoms companies in the Middle East are increasingly being broken into by hackers, reports cyber-crime trade mag The Hacker. These are no amateurs, however. Once they have found a window, they are setting themselves up for long term exploitation, say researchers, who identified reconnaissance, stealing credential theft, lateral movement and data exfiltration activities. The findings come as other hacking groups, including BackdoorDiplomacy and WIP26, have targeted telecom service providers in the Middle East region.
“Chinese cyber espionage threat actors are known to have a strategic interest in the Middle East,” according to a new technical report issued by researchers from security firms SentinelOne and QGroup. “These threat actors will almost certainly continue exploring and upgrading their tools with new techniques for evading detection, including integrating and modifying publicly available code.” The first quarter of this year has seen an alarming surge cyber attacks said the expose. The wave of break ins was attributed to a Chinese cyber espionage actor associated with a long-running campaign dubbed Operation Soft Cell, which is based on tooling overlaps.
Operation Soft Cell, according to Cybereason, refers to malicious activities undertaken by China-affiliated actors targeting comms service providers since at least 2012. The initial attack phase involves infiltrating Internet-facing Microsoft Exchange servers to use web shells used for command execution. The Soft Cell threat actor, also tracked by Microsoft as Gallium, is known to target unpatched internet-facing services and use tools like Mimikatz to obtain credentials that allows for lateral movement across the targeted networks.
The cyber criminals are thought to be professionals since they use a “hard-to-detect” backdoor codenamed PingPull (see picture) in its espionage attacks directed against companies operating in Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Central to the latest campaign is the exploitation of a custom variant of Mimikatz referred to as mim221, which packs in new anti-detection features.
“The use of special-purpose modules that implement a range of advanced techniques shows the threat actors’ dedication to advancing its toolset towards maximum stealth,” said SentinelOne. This is a chilling reminder of the potency of state sponsored hacking with its formalised continuous maintenance and constant development of as espionage malware arsenal.
Prior research into Gallium suggests tactical similarities [PDF] with multiple Chinese nation-state groups such as APT10 (aka Bronze Riverside, Potassium, or Stone Panda), APT27 (aka Bronze Union, Emissary Panda, or Lucky Mouse), and APT41 (aka Barium, Bronze Atlas, or Wicked Panda). “This once again points to signs of closed-source tool-sharing between Chinese state-sponsored threat actors, not to mention the possibility of a digital quartermaster responsible for maintaining and distributing the toolset,” said The Hacker.
It’s scheduled to pass 25 million by the end of 2026, but what about the take-up rate?
Openreach, BT’s semi-detached wholesale access arm, says it passed its 10 millionth premises with FTTH in the village of Kettonin in the East Midlands, in England. It is spending £15 billion to reach its target of passing 25 million premises with FTTH in the UKby the end of 2026.
Arguably take-up is the real kicker – Ofcom’s Connected Nation Report 2022, published last December, estimated that the take-up of services using full fibre (that is, FTTH as opposed to FTTC) at any speed, where fibre is available, is around 25%. Take-up of gigabit-capable networks is higher at around 38%.”
In the new analysis of FTTH take-up in the European Union plus the UK, commissioned by the FTTH Council Europe, it’s interesting how many times the UK gets special mention in the less successful approaches department.
Openreach claims its FTTH infrastructure will improve “the quality of UK public services”, citing its fibre network being available, for instance, to more than 9,000 healthcare-related premises, from dotors’ surgeries, to hospitals and research labs, plus more than 13,500 children’s nurseries, schools and universities.
The network builder and wholesaler also stresses 3 million of the premises passed are in areas of the country that are hard to reach and less densely population, as well as 3 million in areas the Tory Government identified as a priority for its so-called levelling up strategy, announced in November 2020, which appears to have fallen down [subscription needed].
And in more virtue signalling, 409,000 premises are in the top 25 areas designated as being the least socially mobile by the Social Mobility Commission.
Public funding still needed
Even so, it turns out that West London needed to secure a £3.9 million deal to get gigabit broadband to thousands of homes, schools and businesses to parts of the boroughs of Barnet, Brent, Ealing, Harrow and Hillingdon, in partnership with BT. This includes for libraries, social care, community and youth centres, plus connections for up to 15,000 homes and businesses in the vicinity.
The project has been part-funded by the Government’s Getting Building Fund, and allocated by the Mayor of London. Further investment has come from London Councils’ Strategic Investment Pot which is part of its Business Rates Retention Pilot.
BT’s partnership with the West London Alliance (WLA) is trumpeted as being the first deal of its kind in London, and is to provide 1GB internet speeds.
Ed Maughan, BT’s Director for London Private and Public Sector explained: “It will help tackle digital inequality and bring access to state-of-the-art technology to key community hubs, who can often find it difficult to access funding.”
The Soluciones division of Spanish telco Telefónica has struck a deal with content specialist Qwilt under which the latter will expand its coverage and delivery capacity in Spain by using the Telefónica Content Distribution Network (TCDN). The telco’s network secures a fast, high-quality and seamless delivery for its entertainment services claimed Qwilt CEO Alon Major. Telefónica already delivers Movistar Plus+ content through its TCDN. This is a self-developed product that industry bible Rapid TV News claims has the highest speeds and points of presence in Spain. The Telefónica Content Distribution Network takes the delivery further giving the telco access to Qwilt’s ‘extensive’ network of servers installed in other service provider networks around the world.
This new integration agreement is a formal guideline to provide clarity for their future point works, based on open application interfaces and content exchange between both content delivery networks, which allows Qwilt traffic to be piped to customers with access to Telefónica connectivity. The new common goal is to fine tune the delivery as both work on improving their respective end-user experiences.
The project will officially recognise the need for integration through the use of Open Caching standards promoted by the Streaming Video Technology Alliance (SVTA), to which both companies belong. This facilitates the delivery of content from third parties through the two CDNs in a transparent manner, benefiting both from Qwilt’s global server deployment operation around the world and from the physical proximity of the TCDN to Telefónica customers.
“Internet traffic is increasing rapidly and content providers need delivery services that are increasingly efficient in light of the competition we are witnessing for Internet bandwidth,” said Francisco Javier Pascual, director of product marketing for Telefónica Companies. “With this agreement, Telefónica’s TCDN and Qwilt’s delivery capacity are strengthened.”
Qwilt CEO Alon Major described Telefónica as, “a fantastic addition to our global network that allows us to further develop our content delivery service offering.” Content delivery in the industry as a whole and this formal recognition of standards helps create the momentum needed. The objective for Qwilt is to build the highest performing edge delivery network in the world.
The FTTH Council Europe commissioned Plum Analysis to find out
While fibre build-out has accelerated tremendously since the COVID-19 crisis, take-up has not. Take-up is around 50% of homes passed. The FTTH Council Europe wanted to understand how uptake of existing and new FTTH infrastructure could be accelerated.
In particular, it wanted to better understand why take-up in some countries was proportionately much higher than in others and commissioned Plum Analysis to find out. There were a number of surprises arising from the research, including the impact of competitive infrastructure, digital funding and policy.
Plum started with high level quantitative analysis across the European Union countries plus the UK to identify key drivers for fibre adoption. Then drilled down into eight countries it felt highlighted interesting trends and the few demand-side policies deployed in Europe. Plum then drew some conclusions including policies that could make a difference.
As a starting point, it analysed three types of data points in EU countries plus the UK:
• socio-economic factors like income levels, income distribution, poverty rates, GDP, etc;
• digital supply factors such as broadband prices, quality of copper networks, broadband speeds and digital demand; and
• digital literacy, consumer equipment, ownership and broadband usage levels.
Although constrained by the amount of common data across the footprint and publicly available data, this led to some interesting conclusions.
Faster deployment = faster take-up
There is a clear relationship between the speed of deployment and the speed of take-up. It is likely in some instances that high take-up of an initial deployment accelerates further deployment as network operators generate cash flow much faster and find it easier to secure funding and the two feed each other to create a virtuous circle.
Price gap matters
Price sensitivity is a key factor: the bigger the price gap between FTTH and legacy broadband, particularly ADSL and FTTC, the lower the take-up. The same applies if there is a big difference in price between fibre and mobile broadband which results in some customers opting for mobile-only broadband.
However, the study did not find any strong correlation between socio-economic indicators – such as income levels, urban versus rural, income distribution – and measurable impact on fibre adoption.
Plum was also surprised that it could not identify a link between digital literacy and FTTH adoption. There is some correlation between general broadband take-up and digital literacy, but no indication that better digital literacy would increase fibre take-up rather than any other access technology.
Digging deeper
To dig deeper, Plum undertook qualitative analysis of eight countries – Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the UK from which it identified a set of drivers and hurdles. It also established that many are within the control of those building and selling FTTH, but governments and policy makers also have strong levers.
Plum built a conceptual analysis framework, shown below, to capture the main hurdles and drivers, and allocate responsibility for them to the market or policy makers.
Conceptual analysis framework for drivers of FTTH adoption in Europe
Getting into the building
The first obstacle is physically connecting customers to the network. In countries with many individual homes, as opposed to multi-tenancy units, there is resistance to holes being drilled in walls, the disruption involved in bringing fibre into the home and connecting it to customer premises equipment. Some countries have addressed this preemptively, others are struggling badly. Resistance is stronger where service providers charge separately for connection. The UK market faces considerable resistance getting into homes.
Italy has a different issue: wholesale service providers that rely on Telecom Italia’s infrastructure to retail broadband are reluctant to pay switching fees to move customers onto its FTTH network, although this would be transparent to customers.
FTTC hangover
Plum found markets that opted for a national policy of FTTC a decade or so ago are finding it harder to get customers to switch to FTTH as FTTC nears the end of its commercial life. This is partly because the difference in performance is not so great as going straight to FTTH from ADSL. Germany, the UK and Italy, and Denmark to a certain extent, took the FTTC route to extend the life of copper infrastructure.
This has been compounded in markets like the UK where regulators did not oblige operators to be sufficiently accurate in advertising higher speed broadband, permitting operators to promote as ‘fibre’ any deployment that involved fibre somewhere. Those who were sold this ‘fibre’ are now confused about why they should switch to fibre when they’ve got it already, and the contrast between FTTC and FTTH is not an immediate, major differentiator.
Cable is factor: in Denmark, where FTTH adoption is relatively high, take up is lower in urban areas where cable is an option. Cable is still key in some markets, depending on who owns gated content, but this is eroding as more content, particularly video, moves online. Some outposts remain, such as Sky in the UK.
Pricing and products
As Plum dug deeper into pricing and product differentiation, it found many service providers are offering a range of fibre packages starting at speeds comparable to those offered by other technologies – so again, what is the incentive for customers to change? Diluting the differentiation between FTTC or cable and FTTH is self-defeating. Editor’s note: customers don’t care about absolute speeds as long as their connection meets their needs.
Digital illiteracy and lack of big brands
While digital illiteracy was not a hurdle overall, Plum found substantial pockets of people held back by it. For example Poland, which is a lower income country among the eight explored in more depth, a significant portion of those in rural communities are not online and this is tied to digital literacy. Likewise in rural Italy, many householders have ADSL and don’t understand fibre options and fear moving to it will be complicated.
Plum also found these aspects are closely linked to brand awareness. In markets like Italy and the UK, where fibre is often offered through wholesale models, the lack of familiar, trusted brands slows adoption.
Competing infrastructure
In markets were FTTH take-up is the highest, many subscribers and potential subscribers have more than one fibre network operators competing for the same customer. Spain is a good example, and to a lesser degree, France. This dynamic was positive in terms of driving adoption, but as these markets have matured, there has been gradual shift from network competition to a wholesale model, particularly in Spain where most operators would rather use someone else’s network than deploy their own.
However, in response to a question from the audience as the event to launch this research, Felten acknowledged, “Even at a regulatory level, there is very little data on overbuilding that is publicly available. So in markets like Spain and France for example, we do not know exactly who connects how many homes and how many of those are competing with other homes.
“There is like anecdotal evidence that network competition drives adoption, but that doesn’t mean that overbuilding itself is the primary factor. There’s also a very real question of if the third overbuilder still benefits from that awareness impact or only the second one? We don’t know.”
Plum thinks network competition is a driver but points out it’s not the only model, as Sweden or Denmark show. Here overbuilding to compete has always been limited although it’s increasing slightly now in Denmark.
The copper connection
Another powerful factor that comes down to of policy is switching off the copper network: once fibre penetration and adoption reaches 60-70%, it becomes viable and Spain, France and Sweden have set dates. Copper switch off is a strong motivation for customers to move to fibre. Other markets are reaching the point of maturity where they can set a switch off date, and Plum suspects that the energy crisis will speed this up as copper infrastructure consumes much more energy than fibre.
Awareness and availability
The last three factors highlighted by Felten combine awareness and availability. High availability of fibre in an area creates awareness among people, and word of mouth recommendation boost awareness including among those within areas of coverage who were oblivious to the fact.
Awareness can be reinforced by local and national governments, but in various markets Plum heard how local governments put much effort into getting fibre infrastructure built but then rarely communicate about it to stimulate adoption.
Demand-side drivers
Plum identified two national voucher programmes in Spain and Italy designed to drive FTTH take-up, and analysed the more ambitious Italian one. It subsidised end-users’ purchases of either new devices or a new broadband subscription. Users mostly chose new devices and only about 20% of beneficiaries chose better broadband subscriptions, and they opted for FTTC. So the investment in subsidies did little to benefit FTTH adoption. The Spanish programme continues, but the one in Italy has been paused to assess the allocation criteria and subsidy models.
There are other demand-side incentives via mechanisms like social tariffs, but these schemes are much more scattered, making it hard to assess their effectiveness. Overall, Plum’s impression is that there are probably better ways of using public money to drive FTTH adoption, but new approaches must be assessed as they arise.
Fragmented fibre platforms
In markets where wholesale is an important way for service providers to offer FTTH, there tends to be a fragmentation of wholesale platforms. Hence if there are 20 wholesale networks in a country without a common means of using them all, service providers can struggle to serve the whole market because it’s hard for them to resell the infrastructure provided by different platforms.
This important issue has been resolved in some markets, like France, but it remains a big issue elsewhere, such as the UK, compounded by resistance to physical connection, as mentioned. Some markets like Spain pre-empted this issue: for the last 25 years, multi-tenanted blocks have been built with vertical ducts to carry fibre – or any cabling – around the building and into each unit.
More wholesale-oriented models, such as in Sweden and Denmark, need to have strong national brands associated with them to be effective. Put it another way, predominantly wholesale models without the participation of the national brands have less successful take-up.
Simple propositions
In short, Plum found the markets where the national broadband plans were put in place early with easy to understand offers have been the most successful, such as Spain, France, Sweden and Denmark. This allowed market participants to invest with a degree of confidence and boosted deployment and adoption.
In other markets, like Germany, Italy and the UK, the model fluctuated, which apparently slowed market development. Even so, it’s possible to overcome this handicap, as Benoit Felten, Director at Plum Analysis, commented, “…some service providers are not doing a very good job at marketing their offers, at differentiating their pricing, their services, their features [and] their customer experience at the moment of installation might not be optimal.
“Those players that get all of these things right, absolutely overperformed the market. One clear example of this is for example Fibrus in the UK [which] has significantly higher take-up than a lot of the other altnets because they understand what they’re doing and they’re executing on it.”
The full report can be downloaded from here, free of charge.
Liquid Intelligent Technologies (LIT) has bought Cairo-based Cysiv MEA, AKA SecureMisr, as it seeks to strengthen its cloud and cyber security armoury to defend Egypt’s finance sector from bank robbers. The acquisition gives the London-based group a stronger operations team for Africa, the UK, the US and Latin America. LIT is a recognised integrator for some of the biggest technology companies in the world and aims to bring the best global cloud and cyber security options to the Egyptian market. Cysiv MEA will be rebranded Liquid C2 to align it with its global cloud and cybersecurity identity. LIT plans to expand the Egyptian business by tapping into the wealth of local tech talent, making Egypt a key hub for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.
Cysiv MEA had been central to the cloud and cyber security industry in Egypt and North Africa, according to Liquid C2 CEO David Behr. As a group, LIT’s job is to support them in bringing more cyber security tools for customers in the MENA region because they’ve been besieged by increasingly hostile global threats from cybercriminals and even nation-state sponsored attackers. By fortifying their perimeter with this powerful new defender LIT can protect businesses whilst satisfying demands for global compliance requirements. “We will build on the strong market position, experienced leadership, in-depth industry knowledge, world-class team and customer-centric philosophy that has been synonymous with the Liquid C2 brand,” said Behr.
The best defence is all about pre-emptively striking back against attacks, according to Sherif Shaltout, VP of Operations at Cysiv MEA. It has helped many companies minimise the loss of digital assets caused by a constantly metastasising malignancy. You have to bomb the threat landscape before it affects the business, explained Shaltout.
“We are thrilled to be part of an industry-leading brand like Liquid C2 because we are now in an even stronger position to enable our enterprise customers in Egypt and the MENA region,” said Shaltout. In a technology arms race one cannot stand on ceremony so it’s vital to expedite any digital transformation whilst grabbing as many sophisticated tools as possible to deal with ever-increasing threats, Shaltout said.
UK fibre layer Neos Networks is to run fibre to 91 new public sector sites this year, as part of a mission to give the communal hubs like schools, libraries and hospitals gigabit grade full fibre broadband. This latest milestone moves the GigaHubs project on in its quest to upgrade the comms infrastructure across Oxfordshire, creating 175 hubs before 2024. Neo is working in partnership with Oxfordshire County Council and funding partner Building Digital UK.
Neos Networks has previously built dark fibre networks across Northern Ireland (pictured) with Metro Access Networks in Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester and London. The Oxford Gigahubs project is on track for completion by the end of 2023, by which point Neos Networks will have made light speed connections to buildings that offer public services across the region.
The project began at the end of 2021 and four of the eight delivery milestones have been passed. Sites include community centres, village halls, schools, libraries, GP surgeries, leisure centres, fire stations and museums, which are already benefiting from gigabit connectivity, improving service quality for end users and allowing public spaces to better fulfil their roles as Community Hubs.
Neos Networks is acting as the aggregator of several comms suppliers including Openreach, Virgin Media Business and regional AltNet Gigaclear. Its brief is to build, manage and operate the new infrastructure. The GigaHubs project main objective is to bring fibre into the heart of communities, improve service efficiency and create fibre hubs that homes and businesses can also connect with the outside world.
Following the council’s Better Broadband for Oxfordshire and Businesses in Rural Oxfordshire projects, the addition of the GigaHubs project will mean over 1,500 km of fibre has been laid as the foundation for a ‘smart county’. This omnipresence could usher in an age of drone corridors, connected autonomous vehicles and other Internets of Things serving residents and businesses.
Keeping people local has been a priority with the government in Oxfordshire. Oxford City Council has recently been accused of using technology to ring fence and even immobilise its population, with a new scheme that threatens to punish drivers if they wander of outside their designated areas into other parts of the city. “The plans actually involve installing traffic cameras, on certain roads around the city, with drivers issued with fines if they pass through these filters at certain times without an exemption or permit,” confirmed a report in Fullfact.
If people do have their freedom of movement moderated by the fear of fines, at least they can enjoy better, faster connections into their virtual compound, during daylight hours at least. According to Sarah Mills, Chief Revenue Officer at Neos Networks, the technology will provide the compensation of a boost to the local economy. “Connectivity attracts new investment and businesses to the area,” said Mills.
Faringdon Library and Woodcote Community Centre will be first to have full fibre broadband under the GigaHubs project. They plan to create a wider range of community services, with ideas for health, social care and third sector services mooted.
“Fibre is improving our service to our community and will be key to maintaining our position as one of the UK’s best-connected counties,” said Councillor Glynis Phillips, Oxfordshire County Council’s Cabinet Member for Corporate Services. The upgrade to the broadband service at Faringdon Library had noticeably positive impact on service delivery, according to Mark McCree, Service Manager of the council’s library service. “We are seeing much faster speeds on public computers, staff PCs, self-service kiosks, and public Wi-Fi connections. The improved Wi-Fi now supports flexible working, meetings and hotdesking for visiting staff,” said McCree.
Partners SLA Digital enables customers to pay for services from entertainment to parking
Three Ireland has partnered SLA Digital for carrier billing which enables customers to pay for purchases via their mobile phone bill or use their prepaid credit. Three is the Republic of Ireland’s largest mobile operator with about 3.7 million customers.
Three Ireland’s customers will be able to pay for services from entertainment to parking via their mobile phone, according to SLA Digital which also works with Vodafone Ireland on carrier billing.
“Our connection is already live with merchants involved and we are continually working to bring new merchants on board that will offer more services and choice to Three’s customers,” commented Kevin Drayne, CEO at SLA Digital.
SLA Digital is inviting merchants who would like to join the carrier billing fray to contact it.
The offer has the full support of Telenet’s board of directors
Liberty Global announced it intends to launch a voluntary and conditional public takeover bid for all the shares of Telenet Group Holding that it doesn’t already own or are not held by Telenet.
The bid – or Intended Offer – will be via its wholly-owned subsidiary Liberty Global Belgium Holding. Liberty Global has been the controlling shareholder of Telenet since February 2007 and owns 59.18% of Telenet’s outstanding issued share capital.
Telenet owns 3.12% of the outstanding issued share capital in treasury.
Telenet’s board of directors, subject to customary conditions, unanimously supports and recommends the offer as per a statement issued today by Telenet. It is hoped that the deal is approved at the next ordinary general meeting scheduled for 26 April, 2023.
Mike Fries, CEO, Liberty Global (pictured), commented: “We believe an offer of €22.00 per share provides a good opportunity for Telenet shareholders to monetize their investment at an attractive premium.
“We welcome the unanimous decision of Telenet’s board of directors to support and recommend this offer. We are proud of how Telenet has evolved in recent years, and we are fully committed to Belgium and all the company’s stakeholders.”
The purchase of shares will be funded by non-recourse debt financing obtained by Liberty Global Belgium Holding. No Liberty Global corporate cash, liquidity or corporate guarantees are required to finance the share purchases.
Orange Belgium CEO Xavier Pichon (pictured) is reportedly ‘thrilled’ with a decision by the European Commission to finally approve of today the acquisition of 75% of the capital less one share of VOO. Orange can now move forward with the acquisition because the EC states that “these commitments fully address the competition concerns identified by the European Commission. It therefore concluded that the proposed transaction, as modified by the commitments, would no longer raise competition concerns.” The final phase of the buyout is now underway towards the closing of the transaction, expected to take place by the end of Q2 2023.
After 25 years of operating in Belgium, the France-based Orange Group’s acquisition of VOO clears a path for it to run high-speed network in Wallonia and part of Brussels, boosting its convergent multigigabit strategy at national level.
“The combination of our ambitious investment plans, skills and expertise will strengthen the quality of our offers to the customers and ensure competitiveness in the Walloon and Brussels regions.”
Orange agreed to buy 75% minus one share of regional quad-play services operator VOO in late 2021 in a deal that valued the whole of VOO at €1.8 billion. The EC said consolidating from three to two operators in areas covered by VOO and Brutélé’s own fixed networks would allow a duopoly could hold them hostage to the fortunes in the fixed Internet, audio-visual and multi-play markets. Voo and Brutélé together operate a collection of cable companies that use the VOO brand.
“With our in-depth investigation, we want to make sure that the acquisition of Voo/Brutélé by Orange does not lead to higher prices or less quality for customers in Wallonia and parts of Brussels,” EC EVOP Margrethe Vestager said at the time.
In response Orange agreed to provide Liberty Global’s Telenet with access to the existing fixed network infrastructure it is acquiring from VOO and Brutélé in the Walloon region and parts of Brussels and to its own future fibre-to-the-premises (FTTP) network for at least 10 years.
The proposed commitments effectively make Orange an access seeker on the VOO and Brutélé networks in the Walloon region and parts of Brussels by Telenet, which will be the new access seeker on those networks the Commission said. It endorsed Telenet as “a reputable player with a proven track record on the fixed and mobile telecommunications markets.”
Operator claims deployment takes days instead of months
MTN is claiming a first for a proof of concept (PoC) deployment of 5G Standalone (5GSA) in Microsoft Azure. It showcased all 5GSA elements, from the control and user planes to management nodes, implemented in Azure’s datacentre in South Africa.
The operator claims this enabled far faster deployment – days instead of months – and easy scalability. It intends to incorporate the knowledge gained from the PoC in network planning regrading aspects like sustainability, commercial models, automation and disaster recovery.
The PoC will also serve as “a stepping stone to drive further innovation in the cloud domain” as part of the African operator’s strategy up to 2025.
Amith Maharaj, CTO, MTN Group, commented, “Being one of the first in the world to conduct this proof of concept demonstrates MTN’s desire to keep pushing the boundaries of technological innovation that delivers value to our shareholders”.
Ralph Mupita, Group President and CEO (pictured), has previously stated, “Africa will surprise on 5G”.
